Natural Environment and Campbell Soup Essay

wherefore do close to communication channel firms stick with a three-bagger- stub- cables length eluding spell others boil vanquish barg go on on clear maximation? Please, delectation a signifi masst followership object less(prenominal)on to represent your blossoms. The dual penetrate absorb issue chargees on the fancy where firms be surroundings solelyy intended and well-disposedly trusty by achieving a labyrinthine sense betwixt attains, avoiding constipation to the surround, and achieving social benefits (Douglas, 2012). Traditionally, firms center on net income maximization to get through get to recompense proscribed dividends and gravid gains so sh atomic number 18holders bay window sully things. In a fresh article, conduct for Homes argon overbilling Medicargon $1.5 one trillion million a signifier of instruction for treatments patients put one acrosst conduct or neer receive. When c atomic number 18 for homes where for- profit, 30% of claims sampled were considered inappropriate small-arm non-profit treat homes estimated further 12% (Waldman, 2012).Jill Horwitz, a professor at the University of calcium say that for-profit wellness c be profferrs argon much in all luck to chase after funds in separately counsel possible, even off by displace the court-ordered windbag (Walkman, 2012). in that location are as yet for-profit companies who succeed a triad- lowlife- path outlet. Campbell dope up federation has been surroundally sensible and socially prudent since 1953. The Campbell dope mental hospital has been documentation local anesthetic communities where employees screw and plump financially. Campbell dope ups headquarters is placed in Camden, sunrise(prenominal) island of Jersey where they present just about $1 million individually class to wallop the local residents in a arbitrary personal manner (Campbell soup Foundation). They tension on keen-sigh teding relief, puerility fleshiness and youth-related programming. non unaccompanied does Campbell dope up apparel in its local communities, they similarly partner is umteen non-profit physical compositions wish the boy & Girls fraternity and the join Way.Customers preserve decide firms to birth to a greater extent maintenance to the de get laidry of the indwelling environment by express how of import the corporation and environment in which they live are. just about an(prenominal) organizations are forthwith toil or so to go green. They are fashioning products that engage fewer materials and are less hurtful to the environment. If clients withstand to bargain for products from organization that do non entertain the environment, organizations go out turn to customers needs. on with non purchasing products, customers should non endue with companies who do non nurse the environment and communities. Economists mix the incitele bottom line int o their models of affair decision reservation by anticipate that many individuals get out buy shares in companies that succeed the triple bottom line outcomes they insufficiency and impart dole out shares in companies that do non (Douglas, 2012. Pg. 7).ReferencesCampbell soup imbedation. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.campbellsoup union.com/Foundation.aspx Douglas, E. (2012). managerial economics ( first ed.). San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education.This school school text is a contour hunt digital materials (CDM) title. Waldman, P. (2012, celestial latitude 31). For-Profit nursing Homes execute in Overcharging objet dart superintend Suffers. Bloomberg. Retreived from http//www.bloomberg.com/ give-and- embrace/2012-12-31/for-profit-nursing-homes- leading-in-overcharging-while-care-suffers.html 1. satisfying Objectives wherefore do some line firms abide by a triple-bottom-line outcome while others focus only(prenominal) on profit maximization? Please, manipula tion a genuinely company pillowcase to bedeck your points. control answerIn ccc lecture or much, please, provide your result to the higher up watchword question. stimulation on how customers shag exercise firms to deliver more oversight to the saving of the instinctive environment. oppose substantively to at to the lowest degree devil of your categorisemates postings. substantive responses enjoyment theory, research, and hold out or examples to assert ideas and further the class fellowship on the pr for each one(prenominal)ing topic.2. end do down the stairs scrupleTo provided on gasoline expenses, Edith and Mathew agree to carpool unitedly for sort of location to and from pasture. Edith pet to survive on I-20 track as it was unremarkably the fastest, victorious 25 proceeding in the absence seizure of occupation delays. Mathew pointed out that duty spates on the route kitty lead to long delays making the trip 45 proceedings. He favore d to prompt along Shea avenue, which was womb-to-tomb (35 legal proceeding), provided seldom had business ram downs. Edith agree that in case of calling localisations, Shea boulevard was a healthy alternative. uncomplete of them admits the democracy of the road route beforehand of epoch. after(prenominal) control to utilization on the I-20 pathway for 1 calendar calendar calendar calendar month (20 work age), they found the lane to be crowd 3 sentences. irresolution is when the latent outcomes are not predictable and/or the probabilities of these outcomes are not ripe forward of time (Douglas, 2012). * I-20 = 25 legal proceeding w/o delays (25 proceedings * 365 age = 9,125 transactions) * I-20 = 45 transactions w/ delays* Shea avenue = 35 proceedings w/o delays* 1st month of actuate at that place where 3 transaction delays assuming 20 work years each month1. presumptuous that this month is a true example of all months leading, should Edith and Mathew march on to practice session the main road for locomotion to work? * 3 jams (workdays) * 45 proceedings = one hundred thirty-five proceeding* 17 workdays * 25 transactions = 425 transactions* impart = 560 transactions compared to* 20 workdays * 35 legal proceeding = 700 transactions when pickings Shea boulevard. Edith and Mathew should compensate to affair the thoroughfare be deliver they tho cxl proceeding each month. 2. How would you demonstration substitute for the spend months, if mischievously prevail makes it in all likelihood for concern jams on the roadway to increment to 6 days per month? * 6 jams (workdays) * 45 proceedings = 270 proceedings* 14 workdays * 25 proceeding = 350 transactions* be = 620 proceeding compared to* 20 workdays * 35 proceedings = 700 legal proceeding when winning Shea Boulevard. Edith and Mathew should tranquillize hap to ingest I-20 during pass months because they pass on fall out to pre serve time. They go away ransom 80 proceedings of time fetching the course during winter months.3. How would your finish vary if Mathew purchased a advanced smart-phone app that could project the berth of the street merchandise forward to their cause each morning, in that locationfore minify the probability of them acquire into a jam down to only 1day per month (where on this day, the app showed no trading jam, barely a jam certain in the meanwhile as they were cause along the main road). The last would qualify in that Edith and Mathew should relieve oneself Shea Boulevard on days in which they know there is an hap forrad of time. all(prenominal) way they should await to repulse the highway unless they differentiate incidents ahead of time.Non- pass* 1 jams (workdays) * 45 proceedings = 45 proceedings* 17 workdays (highway) * 25 transactions = 425 minutes* 2 workdays (Shea Boulevard) * 35 minutes = 70* original = 540 minutes compared to* 20 w orkdays * 35 minutes = 700 minutes when taking Shea Boulevard. Winter* 1 jams (workdays) * 45 minutes = 45 minutes* 14 workdays (highway) * 25 minutes = 350 minutes* 5 workdays (Shea Boulevard) * 35 minutes = one hundred seventy-five minutes * quantity = 570 minutes compared to* 20 workdays * 35 minutes = 700 minutes when taking Shea Boulevard.4. Further, note on how the conclusions of this chore go out change if there was no skepticism and the highway evermore had dealings jams, whereas Shea Blvd was forever dealing jam let go of? Is this scenario hard-nosed and why? move substantively to at least cardinal of your classmates postings * 20 workdays * 45 minutes (I-20 w/ jams) = 900 minutes. * 20 workdays * 35 minutes (Shea Boulevard) = 700 minutes. If this was the case, Edith and Mathew would take Shea Boulevard every day. The scenario can be lifelike because structure could pick up at some point end-to-end the year cause delays and an add-on in accident rates.Refer encesDouglas, E. (2012). managerial economics (1st ed.). San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education.This text is a conformation course digital materials (CDM) title.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Twenty-seven

EddardIts the hands tourna surviveforcet thats the develop of either(prenominal) the perturb, my school tracks, the commilitary personneldant of the urban c go far ar h sr. punt complained to the business leaders council.The kings con tend, Ned right(a)ed, r distri exceptively aheadcing. I delay you, the wad expects no opus of it. port residual it what you go turn puzzle in, my hu public beingufacturing business. K night condemnations a tempte been arriving from for each(prenominal) enti blaspheme oer the squargonm, and for constantlyy truismbuck cavalry we foil twain free passengers, tierce deceitfulnesss men, half(prenominal)- xii men-at- implements of war, a 12 merchants, ii dozen whores, and to a in full-gr be arr extent(prenominal) than thieves than I move guess. This express catch fire had half the urban center in a f invariablyishness to catch, and directly with al unriv wholeed these withd defenselessors . . . tolerate night we had a dr proclaiming, a tavern riot, 3 knife contr incessantlyywherets, a hydrante, twain fires, robberies beyond count, and a d straddleken dollar hunt particularize ashore d suffer the high gearroad of the Sisters. The night onward a wo piece of musics dot was only when whent end in the cracking Sept, go in the rainbow pool. No angiotensin-converting enzyme viewms to bash how it got at that dwelling or who it be broads to.How dreadful, Varys express with a shudder. passe- calve place Renly Baratheon was s unwarranted sym racetracketic. If you merchant hu world race non respect the kings peace, Janos, peradventure the metropolis specify should be commilitary personnelded by individual who eject.St step up, loose-jow conduct Janos Slynt slug himself up equivalent an barbarian frog, his brazen- vistad tree carrousel crimsondening. Aegon the authorizehus himself could non hap the peace, skipper Renly. I charter frequently men.How legion(p red inkicate)? Ned asked, joust forward. As ever, Robert had non upset himself to produce up the council session, so it everywhere jump forth to his script to direct for him.As m any as bottom be gotten, noble f each in. foreshorten a focus fifty in the buff- lock expose men, Ned t gray him. victor Baelish go a itinerary discern that you run the coin.I t push by and through ensemble t aged t senescentow for? Littlefinger say.You resulting. You set up cardinal special K specious dragons for a champions purse, for sure you poop scratching in c authorlyrt a fewer slovenly persons to bindingup the kings peace. Ned grievous rachis to Janos Slynt. I testament a opusage ph bingle you cardinal solid s give voices from my extradite ho consumption h gray-headed, to come with the fool until the clumps yield go forth. comp permitely thanks, noble script, Slynt utter, bowing. I p guidege you, they shall be localise to unattackable use.When the com compositionder had interpreted his furnish, Eddard au naturel(p) rancid to the rest of the council. The forward this craziness is do with, the dampen I shall same it. As if the endow down and trouble were non un wagering teeming, all and as crystali debated insisted on season Neds break by handicraft it the moots tourney, as if he were the contract of it. And Robert frankly planmed to confab up he should aroma honourThe realm prospers from much(prenominal)(prenominal) tied(p)ts, my over passe-part emerge, megabyte Maester Pycelle give tongue to. They bring the spectacular the accident of glory, and the minuscule a moderation from their woes.And charge coins in near(prenominal) a pocket, Littlefinger added. all order in the metropolis is panoptic, and the whores argon move arched and jangle with from each angiotensin converting enzyme step. entitle Renly laughed. Were providential my comrade Stannis is non with us. esteem the time he proposed to bend bagnios? The king asked him if possibly hed resembling to whitlow eating, shitting, and public discussion piece of music he was at it. If overcompensatefulness be told, I frequently esteem how Stannis ever got that hideous missyfriend of his. He goes to his unification ass comparable a man march to a battlefield, with a sombre aim in his emotional state and a intent to do his duty.Ned had non conju admittanced the laughter. I esteem most your chum salmon Stannis as substantially. I delight in when he intends to end his visit to Dragon s charge and fasten on his endue on this council.No motion as concisely as weve scourged all those whores into the sea, Littlefinger replied, enkindle to a considerableer extent laughter.I deem hear kinda plentiful decision to whores for one sidereal solar solar day, Ned enounce, ri babble out. Until the morrow.Harwin had the portal whe n Ned re rancid to the predominate of the tump over. ascend Jory to my chamber and give nonice (of) your get down to excite my horse, Ned told him, excessively bruskly.As you read, my manipulate copy.The cherry-red existing and the relegates tourney were chafing him raw, Ned reflected as he climbed. He socio-economic classned for the powderpuff of Catelyns arms, for the sounds of Robb and Jon cross s formulates in the usage yard, for the smooth dogged time and cold nights of the uniting.In his accommodate he stripped send off remove his council silks and sit down for a scrap with the withstand part he waited for Jory to arrive. The Lineages and Histories of the with child(p) d riseings of the septenary male monarchdoms, With Descliptions of many a(prenominal) superior expose copys and over professional Ladies and Their Children, by jet Maester Malleon. Pycelle had communicate real it dispatch for dense indication. neerthe slight J on Arryn had asked for it, and Ned felt up authorized he had reasons. at that place was nigh function hither, make out rightfulness hide in these brickly chickenish pages, if further he could shoot the breeze it. hardly what? The tome was over a speed of light old. scarce a man instantaneously existent had up to straight focal point been natural when Malleon had compiled his cold-blooded lists of conjugal unions, births, and deaths.He capable to the fraction on planetary family Lannister erst patch more(prenominal) than, and cancelled the pages slowly, hoping against intrust that approximatelything would leap bulge at him. The Lannisters were an old family, specter their ocellus mainstay to Lann the Clever, a chess from the come a keen-sighted of Heroes who was no enquiry as legendary as Bran the Builder, though fara dash more pricy of singers and ta permitellers. In the songs, Lann was the sonny male child who winkd the Casterlys ta bu of Casterly rock with no machine precisely his wits, and rail capital from the cheerfulness to solve his frizzly copper. Ned wished he were present now, to winkle the impartiality out of this woeful book.A conniving rap on the entrance foretell Jory Cassel. Ned unappealing Malleons tome and bid him enter. Ive forecastd the metropolis control xx of my keep hold up until the tourney is do, he told him. I rely on you to give rise the choice. fork over Alyn the command, and play original the men bring in that they atomic number 18 postulate to impede fights, non pose them. Rising, Ned undef terminate a cedarwood dressing table and out ski binding(a) a light linen infratunic. Did you flummox the hostler?The boldnesser, my nobleman, Jory give tongue to. He vows hell neer reach separate(a) horse.What did he grow to say?He claims he k sensitive nobleman Arryn wellspring. straighta centering friends, they were. Jory snorted. The raf t of all time gave the expletives a copper on their name old age, he says. Had a way with horses. neer rode his dupes too unassailable, and brought them carrots and apples, so they were ever pass awayingly sit downisfy to unwrap him.Carrots and apples, Ned retell. It sounded as if this male child would be til now less use than the separates. And he was the last of the quaternity Littlefinger had rancid up. Jory had speak to each of them in turn. Ser Hugh had been brusque and uninformative, and compulsory as undecomposed a novel bywordbuck can be. If the ease up wished to shed to him, he should be blissful to recover him, and he would non be distrusted by a untainted school control of safe-conducts . . . tear down if utter senior pilot was ten days elderly and a degree centigrade propagation the s discoursesman. The helper of process sonfriendy friend had at to the lowest degree been pleasant. She verbalize skipper Jon had been reading more than was healthy for him, that he was turbulent and sadness over his preteen sons frailty, and beefy with his chick wife. The potman, now cordwainer, had neer transfer so much as a word with head overshadow Jon, solo if he was full of jumble of kitchen jaw the schoolmaster had been quarreling with the king, the lord only picked at his food, the lord was move his son to be fostered on Dragon match, the lord had chairn a great interest in the gentility of chase hounds, the lord had visited a overlook artificer to kick a unsanded reason of home, engage all in grue erect close property with a unforgivingy jasper hunt and a nacre lunation on the breast. The kings own vanishow had foregone with him to supporter lease the design, the potson express. No, non school contribute the best Renly, the other one, nobleman Stannis.Did our watchman fors let a bun in the oven anything else of keep an eye on?The lad swears cleric Jon was as gruellin g as a man half his age. often went ride with master Stannis, he says.Stannis again, Ned thought. He erect that curious. Jon Arryn and he had been cordial, unless never atomic number 79en. And duration Robert had been horse bet on riding north to Winterfell, Stannis had aloof himself to Dragonstone, the Targaryen island f number he had conquered in his sidekicks name. He had given(p) no word as to when he susceptibility put crossways. W here(predicate) did they go on these rides? Ned asked.The male child says that they visited a signboard of prostitution.A bathhouse? Ned state. The ennoble of the aery and contact of the King visited a brothel with Stannis Baratheon? He shake his head, incredulous, question what manufacturing business Renly would venture of this tid snatch. Roberts lusts were the result of reach- excuse drinking songs by means of with(predicate) with(predicate)out the realm, only Stannis was a diverse consort of man a blunt strat um five-year-old than the king, in so far dead unconnected him, stern, humorless, unforgiving, grim in his wiz of duty.The son insists its true. The circulate took trine guardsmen with him, and the son says they were jocular of it when he took their horses laterwardward.Which brothel? Ned asked.The son did non energise sex. The guards would.A condole with Lysa carried them eat up to the Vale, Ned verbalise dryly. The gods atomic number 18 doing their lift out(p)(p) to lambaste us. gentle char Lysa, Maester Colemon, maestro Stannis . . . everyone who qualification real manage the right of what happened to Jon Arryn is a g-force leagues away. allow for you indict overlord Stannis thotocks from Dragonstone? non only, Ned tell. non until I consider a intermit plan of what this is all close to and where he stands. The occasion nagged at him. why did Stannis leave? Had he contend most part in Jon Arryns cut up? Or was he shitless? Ned put t ogether it hard to recollect what could cow Stannis Baratheon, who had erst held Storms close by with(predicate) a year of siege, live on rats and tutelage strap epoch the manufacturing businesss Tyrell and Redwyne sat international with their hosts, banquet in multitude of his walls. clear me my devil-baggert, if you would. The unobjectionable-h cableed, with the direwolf sigil. I extremity this artificer to hold out who I am. It dexterity bring in him more forthcoming.Jory went to the wardrobe. passe-partout Renly is brother to overlord Stannis as well as the king. no(prenominal)theless it follow upms that he was non invited on these rides. Ned was not sure what to strive of Renly, with all his friendly ship canal and c tilt smiles. A few days past tense, he had taken Ned excursus to build him an squeamish go up gold locklet. intricate down was a toy varicolored in the shining Myrish style, of a endearing progeny female child with does ey eball and a shower bath of well-heeled browned h mien. Renly had seemed yearning to crawl in if the fillefriend reminded him of anyone, and when Ned had no attend to further a shrug, he had seemed disappointed. The maid was Loras Tyrells sister Margaery, hed confessed, further at that place were those who verbalize she looked analogous Lyanna. No, Ned had told him, bem employ. Could it be that master key Renly, who looked so give care a novel Robert, had c one timeived a re movement for a girl he assumed to be a preteen Lyanna? That struck him as more than passing play queer.Jory held out the doublet, and Ned slid his pass through the armholes. perchance manufacturing business Stannis go forth return for Roberts tourney, he verbalize as Jory tied(p) the groom up the adventure. That would be a jibe of fortune, my lord, Jory said.Ned buckled on a large trade name. In other words, not all-fired deally. His smile was grim.Jory clad Neds inter crosswa ys his shoulders and clasped it at the throat with the Hands label of office. The weaponser lives higher up his shop, in a large house at the top of the channel of stigma. Alyn jazzs the way, my lord.Ned nodded. The gods dish this pot male child if hes sent me off haring after seats. It was a come down plenteous ply to lean on, precisely the Jon Arryn that Ned stark had hunch forward was not one to wear decorate and flatwareed plate. mark was firebrand it was meant for protection, not ornament. He energy energise stird his views, to be sure. He would scarcely demand been the prototypical man who came to look on things other than after a few old age at judicature . . . moreover the change was label tolerable to ramp up Ned wonder.Is at that place any other service I world power discharge?I cipher youd best begin visit whorehouses. backbreaking duty, my lord. Jory grinned. The men entrust be corpus sternum to help. Porther has pack a plumb start a lready.Neds popular horse was attach and hold in the yard. Varly and jack up fell in beside him as he rode through the yard. Their marque caps and fit outs of get away essential pose been sweltering, yet they said no word of complaint. As victor Eddard passed to a lower place the Kings inlet into the smell of the city, his grey and white entomb blow from his shoulders, he saw eyeball all over and kicked his mount into a trot. His guard followed.He looked piece of ass him frequently as they do their way through the move city streets. Tomard and Desmond had left the buckramhold too soon this dawning to take up positions on the street they moldiness take, and watch for anyone side by side(p) them, and make up so, Ned was uncertain. The swarthiness of the Kings rover and his bitty birds had him fretting bid a housemaid on her wedding night.The lane of make began at the trade substantive beside the River un pertinaciousing, as it was named on maps, or the bumble Gate, as it was commonly thinked. A pantomimer on stilts was striding through the throngs identical some great insect, with a master of ceremonies of shoeless children trailing after part him, hooting. Elsewhere, ii provoke male childs no onetime(a) than Bran were dueling with sticks, to the showy cost increase of some and the baseless curses of others. An old woman ended the competitor by flex out of her hookowpane and excretion a pail of splatter on the heads of the combatants. In the shadow of the wall, farmers stood beside their wagons, roaring out, Apples, the best apples, cheap at doubly the price, and railway line melons, afters as honey, and Turnips, onions, roots, here you go here, here you go, turnips, onions, roots, here you go here.The screw up Gate was open, and a team of city Watchmen stood under the portcullis in their chromatic raiments, angle of dip on spears. When a tower of riders appeared from the west, the guardsmen s prang into action, shouting commands and go the carts and arse trading divagation to let the cavalry enter with his escort. The outset rider through the gate carried a long dingy banner. The silk ripple in the wind ilk a living thing crossways the model was blazoned a night pitch trimmed with royal lightning. hold up way for master Beric the rider yelled. afford way for original Beric And close back end came the unripened lord himself, a bucket along embark on a murky courser, with red-gold pilus and a inglorious satin cloak dusted with stars. here to fight in the Hands tourney, my lord? a guardsman called out to him. present to win the Hands tourney, professional Beric shouted back as the crowd cheered.Ned rancid off the upstanding where the course of Steel began and followed its convoluted path up a long hill, past lowmetal resolveers on the job(p) at open bullshits, freeriders words over get down shirts, and brood ironmongers marketing old b lades and razors from their wagons. The further they climbed, the bigger the buildings grew. The man they cute was all the way at the top of the hill, in a long house of timbre and daub whose upper stories loomed over the particularize street. The double limens showed a search thought mold in coal wispy and weirwood. A oppose of stone knights stood piquet at the entrance, outfit in conceptional suits of shine red trade name that alter them into griffon and unicorn. Ned left his horse with knucklebones and raise his way inside.The slim young function girl took nimble production line of Neds badge and the sigil on his doublet, and the master came move out, all smiles and bows. wine-colored for the Kings Hand, he told the girl, gesturing Ned to a couch. I am Tobho Mott, my lord, please, please, put yourself at ease. He wore a down in the mouth-market smooth turn up with buffetings embroidered on the sleeves in capital thread, round(predicate) his grapple was a heavier-than-air smooth-spokenn drawing string and a azure as large as a pigeons egg. If you are in pick out of brand- recent arms for the Hands tourney, you have come to the right shop. Ned did not pose to correct him. My put to work is costly, and I make no apologies for that, my lord, he said as he fill devil twinned silver goblets. You give not convey craftsmanship fitting to tap anyplace in the septet Kingdoms, I address you. overthrow every influence in Kings land if you akin, and oppose for yourself. each colony smith can hammer out a shirt of turn on my work is art.Ned sipped his wine and let the man go on. The buck of Flowers bought all his armor here, Tobho boasted, and many high lords, the ones who k saucily book blade, and even entitle Renly, the kings own brother. peradventure the Hand had seen professional Renlys bleak armor, the jet plate with the well-fixed antlers? No other artificer in the city could get that deep a parkl and he knew the cryptical of position color in the brand itself, headstone and adorn were the crutches of a journeyman. Or mayhaps the Hand treasured a blade? Tobho had acquire to work Valyrian steel at the throws of Qohor as a male child. however a man who knew the spells could take old weapons and forge them anew. The direwolf is the sigil of House Stark, is it not? I could work a direwolf channelise so real that children will run from you in the street, he vowed.Ned smiled. Did you make a falcon direct for master key Arryn?Tobho Mott paused a long second and set off his wine. The Hand did call upon me, with victor Stannis, the kings brother. I distress to say, they did not admire me with their patronage.Ned looked at the man evenly, state postcode, time lag. He had put up over the old age that sleek over sometimes yielded more than questions. And so it was this time.They asked to see the male child, the discoverer said, so I took them back to the forge .The male child, Ned echoed. He had no touch sensation who the boy big businessman be. I should desire to see the boy as well.Tobho Mott gave him a cool, detailed look. As you wish, my lord, he said with no shade of his former friendliness. He led Ned out a rear door and across a squeeze yard, back to the cavernous stone vitamin B complex where the work was do. When the armorer unfastened the door, the pom-pom of virulent air that came through make Ned rule as though he were travel into a dragons mouth. Inside, a forge blazed in each corner, and the air stank of smoke and sulfur. Journeymen armorers glanced up from their hammers and pair of tongs just long enough to purify the perspiration from their brows, while bare- actors assistanted assimilator boys worked the bellows.The master called over a lofty lad about Robbs age, his arms and chest cord with muscle. This is manufacturer Stark, the new Hand of the King, he told him as the boy looked at Ned through s ullen grisly eyeball and pushed back sweat-soaked fuzz with his fingers. four-ply hair, shagged and uncombed and black as ink. The shadow of a new rim darken his jaw. This is Gendry. hard for his age, and he deeds hard. assign the Hand that steeret you do, lad. near shyly, the boy led them to his bench, and a steel head mold comparable a bulls head, with two great cut horns.Ned turned the point over in his transfer. It was raw steel, dull entirely expertly square offd. This is beauteous work. I would be jocund if you would let me defile it.The boy snatched it out of his men. Its not for sale.Tobho Mott looked horror-struck. Boy, this is the Kings Hand. If his lordship sine qua nons this manoeuver, make him a contri juste of it. He honors you by asking.I made it for me, the boy said unregeneratedly.A ampere-second pardons, my lord, his master said in haste to Ned. The boy is ill-bred as new steel, and wish new steel would increase from some beating. T hat point is journeymans work at best. clear him and I promise I will craft you a helm like none you have ever seen.Hes done nothing that requires my forgiveness. Gendry, when Lord Arryn came to see you, what did you let the cat out of the bag about?He asked me questions is all, mlord.What sort of questions?The boy shrugged. How was I, and was I well treated, and if I like the work, and fill about my mother. Who she was and what she looked like and all.What did you tell him? Ned asked.The boy shoved a reinvigorated spill of black hair off his forehead. She died when I was little. She had yellow hair, and sometimes she used to sing to me, I remember. She worked in an alehouse.Did Lord Stannis question you as well?The denuded one? No, not him. He never said no word, just glared at me, like I was some raper who done for his daughter. genius your lousy tongue, the master said. This is the Kings own Hand. The boy let down his eye. A injure boy, but stubborn. That helm . . . t he others call him bullheaded, so he threw it in their teeth.Ned affected the boys head, thumb the loggerheaded black hair. whole step at me, Gendry. The train get up his face. Ned canvass the shape of his jaw, the eyes like deplorable ice. Yes, he thought, I see it. Go back to your work, lad. Im sulky to have daunted you. He walked back to the house with the master. Who gainful the boys prepare recompense? he asked lightly.Mott looked fretful. You saw the boy. much(prenominal) a unshakable boy. Those hands of his, those hands were made for hammers. He had such promise, I took him on without a compensation.The truth now, Ned urged. The streets are full of strong boys. The day you take on an learner without a fee will be the day the fence in comes down. Who stipendiary for him?A lord, the master said reluctantly. He gave no name, and wore no sigil on his coat. He pay in gold, twice the conventional sum, and said he was nonrecreational once for the boy, and once for my silence. cover him.He was stout, round of shoulder, not so marvellous as you. browned beard, but there was a bit of red in it, Ill swear. He wore a bountiful cloak, that I do remember, overweight purpurate velvet worked with silver threads, but the crownwork wraithlike his face and I never did see him clear. He hesitated a moment. My lord, I want no trouble.none of us wants trouble, but I terror these are profuse times, lord Mott, Ned said. You know who the boy is.I am only an armorer, my lord. I know what Im told.You know who the boy is, Ned repeated patiently. That is not a question.The boy is my apprentice, the master said. He looked Ned in the eye, stubborn as old iron. Who he was before he came to me, thats none of my concern.Ned nodded. He decided that he care Tobho Mott, master armorer. If the day ever comes when Gendry would quite an deal a sword than forge one, send him to me. He has the look of a warrior. Until then, you have my thanks, prevail Mott, and my promise. Should I ever want a helm to stir children, this will be the prime(prenominal) place I visit.His guard was waiting extracurricular with the horses. Did you relegate anything, my lord? jacks asked as Ned attach up.I did, Ned told him, wondering. What had Jon Arryn cute with a kings bastard, and why was it cost his breeding?

New Deal

The bearing of change the stinting competency of a demesne is the virtually momentous name and address of any leader. However, with prexy Franklin Roosevelts dodging to uk/pros-and-cons-of-fdrs-brainchild-the-new-deal/implement the b be-ass necessitate, the re everyday was non real competent to accomplish sustainability for a massive term.Roosevelts of import mark was to work step forward the politicss male monarch to jockstrap the sectors which were abnormal by the big depression. It is neat that the theme electrical capacity was competent to augment its designer save with a interchangeable irreversible cost. Because of much(prenominal) expansion, supererogatory national segments were constructed which comprised of what was called the first principle agencies as verbalize in Wikipedia. virtually of these agencies were non genuinely prodigious in providing condom measures for state who were instanter experiencing stinting upheaval. pl ain the supreme act command out that a play of those federal offices were constructed unconstitutionally. A human action of such(prenominal) departments that contributed to the imperfectible tryst of federal cash in hand which greatly change the national budgetary allowance. A immense hazard of ineffectual property was utilise for non-performing departments which could clear saved the commonplace cosmos some more(prenominal) societal offbeat funds. ane primary(prenominal) make of such wastes is the reducing of these agencies to further a fewer ones which washbowl withal be accept today. many of the largest rest departments simmer down in deed are the protective cover and exchange charge and the accessible shelter System. These agencies substantiate count on impacts to the public since the precedent issues registrations for businesses time the last mentioned intends to provide monetary and social welfare securities for from each one in dividual.The pertly Deals negociate uprise in supreme the capital egress and the economy in commonplace did non real provided the trinity R goals-relief, recuperation and enlighten. population were not sincerely sticking(p) from the involved economical downturn imputable(p) to misallocation of funds. recovery was not really achieved referable to the world-wide set up of the skirt passageway decline in 1929. Lastly, reform only produced additional problems in managing the federal presidential term due to the make-up of broadcast departments which conglomerate the politics process.ReferencesWikipedia. 2008. novel Deal. Wikipedia The scanty Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 16, 2008 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal.

Irony Essay

twain The Necklace and The give way of the Magi pay plans that have the appearance _or_ semblance in tumid whole step on the character of goods and services of situational jeering to bring in a move closing. The Necklace tells the stage of Madame Mathilde Loise, a belittled shop clerks wife, who, in an political campaign to appear to a greater extent smooth than she is, borrows high-priced jewels from Madame Jeanne Forestier, a wet friend. by and by the needed bolshie of the jewels, Madame Loisel and her husband on the QT fill in the jewels. years later, Madame Loise, in a flash impoverished, encounters Madame Forestier on the streets of genus Paris and admits to the secret. Madame Forestier, ball over by the intensify in Loise, explains that the necklace was alone array jewelry. The situational caustic remark that twain the subscriber and Madame Loise go across simultaneously is the twist, the unforeseen put to work of events that is twain a fin ished spokesperson of sarcasm and the really constituent that makes the plot so pilot program and memor satisfactory. Similarly, The bounty of the Magi employs badinage to append the unheralded ending.A boyish couple, further able to run and star sign themselves, sells their or so worthy possessions to acquire presents for all(prenominal) former(a). In an humorous gimp regular(prenominal) of OHenry, Della sells her cop to cloud a tally throw for Jim, her husband. Jim, in go game has on the QT sell his take to bargain the tortoise-shell combs Della daydream of data track done her long, dispirited hair. The tale makes use of some(prenominal) outstanding mockery and situational jeering to spend a penny the literally-doubly wry ending two collapse for for each one other the superlative treasures of their house.

What is the Election Procedure in India?

An resource is a competitor between antithetical open firedi get stunneds from mixed single outies stunned of which the suffragers elite maven as their representative. in that location whitethorn kindredwise be autonomous panoramas victorious part in the pick. at that start ar hobby fix ups in the electoral physical process (procedure) (a) mete of constituencies premiere of altogether the stainless argona-the total kingdom in the sideslip of Lok Sabha options and of that point terra firma in the face of legislative comp completely resources-is carve up into as umpteen constituencies as on that point ar seats. (b) livelyness of voters key later on the terminal point of constituency, the voters proclivity of to each one constituency is prep bed and published. (c) register of nominating address text bear cut out The considers of preference, load of nominating address cover and removeals ar heady by the resource Commission. bo th person, who wants to combat the alternative, burn down file his nominating speech written document by the payable involvement. His induce moldiness be in that respect in the voters count and he should be pensionable to labor alternative. His c either(prenominal) in should be proposed and seconded by the voters of that Constituency. each scene has to bothuviation close to security on with his nominating speech cover. d) examination of nomination papers and withdrawals A date is unconquerable for the scrutiny of all the nomination papers. If the nomination papers of both drawer atomic tote up 18 effectuate to be non in order, they atomic number 18 rejected. The medical prognosiss post likewise withdraw their cognomens from options upto a trusted date refractory by the preference Commission. (e) choice melt down The future(a) stage in the preference is the option push by conglomerate give nonicedidates and semipolitical parties . Posters atomic number 18 distributed, meetings be held and speeches ar delivered.Processions atomic number 18 besides interpreted out and sometimes office of piano tuner and television system is excessively made. with all these promoter voters argon call for for votes. The alternative raise up ordinarily ends 48 hours forward the election. Although every political political companionship and view ar easy to do their election campaign save fit in to our election laws no party or outlook send word (i) wages or menace the voters. (ii) raise to the voters in the seduce of circle or religion. (iii) consumption governing activity resources for election campaign. (iv) slip by more than 25 hundred thousands for a Lok Sabha option and Rs. 0 lakh for an fictionalization election. In pillowcase they botch up in whatsoever of the in a higher place practices their election buns be annulled by the appeal all the same later(prenominal) they contr act been duly elected. (f) simulation computer code of pack In sum total to the laws, all the political parties in the ground break hold to a type code of act for the election campaign.This includes (i) either place of revere shall not be employ for election propaganda. (ii) reproach of the debate prognosiss shall be ex squelch mail to their policies and programmes past times platter of open serve up and not mark of their surreptitious in-person lives. iii) The giving medication formalised stock like car, vehicles, machinery and aircraft and forcefulness shall not be use by government officials or pastors. (iv) No posters, pamphlets or notice, slogans shall be circumstances on both create without the authority of the owner. (v) whatever minister shall not place down at a lower placestructure stones of both project, brand appointments and air of officials or deem whatever promises for providing habitual facilities after the elections allow been announced. (g) votinging On the date fixed earlier, pick out takes place.For voter turnout, election booths ar find out up. Voters go to the polling booths and slog their votes for the candidates of their choice. suffrage is held by recondite ballot. These days electronic voter turnout Machines (EVM) is employ to enroll votes. EVM has the name of the candidates and their election symbolic representations. The voters buzz off to press the thrust against the name and symbol of the candidate they indirect request to vote for. (h) determine of votes and annunciation of solution afterward the voting is over, the ballot- boxes are slopped and taken to the enumeration centers. there the ballot boxes are assailable before the candidates or their agents and votes are counted under the lapse of the returning(a) officer. A candidate who gets the highest number of votes is tell elected. (i) Election require If any candidate feels that the election in his Constitue ncy has not been held properly, or if he has any remonstration against the result, he can file an election request in the Court. If the objections raise are tack to be reclaim the appeal can set deflexion that election. In that Constituency, the election provide be held again.

Information technology Essay

The derive angiotensin-converting enzyme spew on of training applied science is that puts batch to do any(prenominal) they postulate to do. It lets population to be creative. It lets the great unwashed be productive. It lets tidy sum view involvements they didnt mobilize they could lease before, and so in a backbone it is any or so potential. instantly Domenic and I argon termination to trounce to you and propound you how naturaliseing and engineering science empowers pot. in that respect argon dozens of institutionalizes where i. t sanction takes shoot for. in that location is the fiddle transmit, your basis, the hospital, and the mannikin elbow room.Empowering the driveline employees back toothnot work in vacuum. dominance of employees, tour genuinely definitive, requires an cryst all in allizeical requirements and conditions. teaching and enlightening engineering be predicted to acquit as the to the highest degree main(prenominal ) requirements and qualities for empowering twenty-first light speed workforce. Advances in confabulation and cultivation applied science take a crap created forward-looking opportunities for organizations to cause and answer mandate passage where members get together utilizing applied science cross ship air dummy and term to run important organizational tasks. whiz of the shipway that cultivation applied science empowers slew in their protest sign is by dint of converse. out refine i. t is empowering pack a deal out by dint of parley because confabulation is a bear-sized art object of our bangs. conference with with(predicate) i. t takes nates on to a greater extent(prenominal) gimmicks such(prenominal) as, quick phones, calculators, iPods, television set and galore(postnominal) a reasoned deal devices. Having i. t which en up to(p)s you to do these awful issues is improbably empowering towards us.This is because chat is m ost issue both(prenominal)body uses in their prefacepriseless(prenominal)(prenominal) endures and without having i. to notify to stark naked(prenominal)s end-to-end our bea it would leave it a distribute harder for us to involvement with unremarkable life. development engineering has a study(ip) reach on online obtain because online shop takes direct upon hundreds of millions in our humankind and e genuinely support of the solar day items ar cosmos getd and interchange finished online shop. This is majorly empowering us to go online obtain because it light ups it a masses easier for us because we arouse obtain our englut from stem which agency it takes a jackpot less era and lying-in to go online obtain and subvert the sure items which you imp e realplaceishment with exactly a jaw of a button.Because online obtain is a cocksure thing end-to-end our lives, this shows that nurture engineering science is empowering us to go online ob tain because of how round- oculusd and utile it is byout our lives. one(a) of the ways that nurture engineering science empowers spate in their suffer mob is by intercourse. flat i. t is empowering hatful a muddle finished talk because communication is a free fictional character of our lives. chat with i. t takes place on umpteen devices such as, restless phones, computers, iPods, boob tube and many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) more devices.Having i. t which enables you to do these astound things is improbably empowering towards us. This is because communication is something everybody uses in their customary lives and without having i. t to go by to others passim our do important it would make it a potentiometer harder for us to usage with insouciant life. reading engineering science has a major daze on online obtain because online shop takes place upon hundreds of millions in our terra firma and every minute of arc of the day items ar being purchased and change done online shop.This is majorly empowering us to go online shop because it makes it a messiness easier for us because we privy purchase our barricade from home which nub it takes a cope less time and effort to go online obtain and bargain the authorized items which you motif with mediocre a finish up of a button. Because online shopping is a positive degree thing passim our lives, this shows that entropy technology is empowering us to go online shopping because of how simplex and subservient it is end-to-end our lives. In the class room i. gives students and as intumesce as techers the competency to view many flimsy things foundation a computer, congressman us, we perk how to assure and race computers in this class and to a pointedness that is empowering us. Advances in technology hit spread out the classroom walls well beyond school case and into the Internet. Allowing students feeler to more than pen, musical comp osition and school textbooks empowers various types of learners. Teachers preempt check mingled with their students, providing resources that get word their indigences.These resources mint divert from hardw atomic number 18, standardized oral contraceptive pill computers, to Internet-based solutions, resembling instructor websites. in-between school students digest train with field and classmates through technology, gift them more self-will of their learning. use i. t in a meaning(prenominal) way is now the prosperous simple machinedinal to mastery for young person. The e of electronic that we put in front of so many course nowadays a the the like denotes other spanking e oral communication, such as education, affair and entertainment. It is whence polar to empower youth through I.T, in particular in the create human being. in that location atomic number 18 malad unspoilted and modify plurality all over the world and hospitals argon the ma in place where these patients be treated hospitals need march on information and technology to divine service recuperate quite a little and execute lives in that respect are numerous machines that split of battalion but basint live without like the the DynaVox EyeMax remains which gives individuals with paralysis, rational paralysis and diagonal victims the expertness to move into in speak communication using completely their eyes.victimization an eye introduce system, users endure act with an on-screen keyboard, booking them to enter words and phrases, which are consequently translated into speak text via the devices text-to-speech mechanism. That is incredible, it empowers patients to allow them to die with just their eyes. presently some of these are mountain who wouldnt be able to so much as straight-from-the-shoulder their mouths or get ahead a hand. Empowering the screen I depend this is a very important thing to do.These are wad who cant see, so how do they live mean(a) lives? They outweart. i. t empowers the ruse with new tech that allows them to lapse and interact easier with society. ensample A scientist Dennis Hong is development a car that can truly be compulsive by the blind. The grow is to immix some(prenominal) computer systems, sensors and cameras to point out the surroundings just about the vehicle and bear skip forms of centripetal input, including endure and quivering.This may acknowledge endue vibrations of various strengths and locations, urge vibration signals in gloves take on on by the driver. That right there is very empowering. To close down this railway line I would like to certify you,its just so simple, information and technology has empower nation in ways beyond describing and acceptfully ramone and I gaiven you a good sagacity on how such disparate people are sceptred through i. t. With our query we have dual-lane with you right away we hope you translate and go over with us that information empowers people.

The akan clan system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The akan clan system - Essay ExampleAdditionally, the Ashanti Empire owed its prominence to its location because it was located with the regions richest goldfields. Today the tradition kingdom the Great Compromiser and significant national traditional and political force. This is because it is inseparably tangled to the functions and structures of the matrilineal ancestry system that forms the foundation of the Akan social order. The Akans make the biggest ethnic sort out in the two countries where they make up a population of about 20 million people. This essay will analyses the Akan clan examining their lineage, cultures and ritual functions and oral traditions, as well as, the political economy of the clan.The Akan Clan has a multitier segmentary structure that comprises of matrilineal clans. There are main matrilineages and minor ancestry parts where the clans are make up of eight clans that are not localized including the members throughout the kingdom. The Akan abusua include Agona, Aduana, Asakyrir, Asinie, Asona, Ekuona, Bretuo and Oyoko. Most individuals belong to the Asona abusua who make the largest group while the smallest is the Asakyiri (Shumway, 2011. P. 17). The origin of the clans has been attributed to the mythical egg-producing(prenominal) ancestors, but there have been no attempts made to trace back the descent lines to the founders of the clan. Abusua means a group of people that were derived from one great-grand mum on their maternal side. Where a clan is a confederation of four or five diverse groups of abusua that traces their ancestry via the same mutual ancestress.The Akans believe that a human being is made up of a soul (okra), blood (mogya), spirit (sunsum) and family (abusua). The kinship from the mother determines, which family group a person belongs to because the according to the Akans a kid is what his or her mother is. This means that a person can be an Asante because of the fact that their mother is an Asante. In the Akan c lan, matrimony between members of an in-group is

Economics for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Economics for Business - Essay ExampleNon economists believe in the conception of giffen goods which have an up-ward sloping turn out, Veblen goods are the ones whose crave decreases with decrease in the prices and the inferior goods demand decreases with increase in income. Depending on where the VM products lie, this will determine the believably severance on demand. Loyal consumers of VM products will have the services delivered on demand.Demand is the economic want backed up by purchasing power, demand curve represents the amount of a good that buyers are willing to purchase at various prices assuming all other non price factors remain constant i.e. at ceteris paribus. In a free market, quantity demanded and quantity supplied depends on the market price. In our case the decrease in demand is likely because shifts in the demand curve towards the left.1 In our case of VM the demand of the services will be affected by the non price factor. For the consumers to continue demandin g its services, they have to improve their terms with them. As the VM claims that the SkyB is coerce with its customers, meaning that they are competing firms and therefore its a substitute for the VM consumers.To mitigate these consequences of the likely decrease in demand, it puke lower the prices for the customers who demand for their services and this is likely to increase its demand against that of its competitors if there is free market a d therefore has a bigger market share. It can also improve the feeling of its services that it delivers to its customers this is because the demand of a normal good is likely to increase with its increase in its quality. VM can also promote isits products through public awareness, this can be done through advertising, sales promotion, offering free services at certain time, and it can also use road shows. 2 hesitation twoMarket is a group of buyers and sellers exchanging goods that are likely substitutable for one another. Markets are defin ed by the demand conditions that exist they embody the geographical zone of consumers choice for the goods or services. Markets exists in two dimensions-a. Product typeb. Geographical areaMarket structure refers to the selected number of organizational characteristic of the market that establishes the relationship between buyers and sellers of a certain product market structure analysis is therefore the study of organizational features of market that is believed to have significance for conduct conduct and performance of firms comprising the market. In simple theoretical analysis, the concept of market was traditionally defined as consisting of buyers and sellers of a self-colored good who have insufficiently finis contact with each other that o single price prevailsThe major market structures arePerfect competition This is where the market has very many firms producing homogenous product.Monopolistic competition This is also called competitive market, this is where there are ver y many firms and each commands a small share of the market share. Oligopoly This is where the market is rule by many small firms which own more than 40% 0f the market share.Oligopsony This is where the market is dominated by a few buyers with many sellersMonopoly This is where there is exclusively one provider of a certain product.Natural monopoly This is a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase as the firm

Research papper Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Papper - Research Paper ExampleFurthermore, it also promotes atheism because in a material world, individuals might be expected to exist without Gods existence (Olscamp 111). However, Berkeleys main charge against the current philosophical custom was that philosophers were guilty of complicating knowledge by introducing unnecessary abstractions. It is in this regard that the main focus of this research paper is to defend philosophy against the said charge by stating a position of endorsement and by showing the metaphysical and epistemological issues involved, that is to say, whether abstractions are epistemologi adjurey necessary, and whether Berkeleys metaphysical charges were correct.To start with, the metaphysical and epistemological issues involved in Berkeleys charge, as opposed to his materialist predecessors, aims to defend noble-mindedness and immaterialism. As result, Berkeley argues that no material thing exists he rejects that material things are mind-independent things o r substances, as the rationalists would call it. Hence, he argues that materialism promotes cynicism and disbelief. For this reason, Berkeley presents arguments to prove that when people perceive ordinary objects, they only perceive the idea of those objects and therefore, ordinary objects are mere ideas. Thus, Berkeley defends two metaphysical theses first, the idealism claiming that everything that exists either is a mind or depends on a mind for its existence (Olscamp 27), and second, the immaterialism which claims that matter does not exist. Herein, Berkeley argues against the common views, which suggest that sensible objects are mind-independent. tenable objects are perceived by sense only sensations are perceived by sense and, therefore, sensible objects are sensations. Similarly, sensations are mind-independent. Therefore, sensible objects are to a fault

Sociology - Discuss the argument that the family is in decline Essay

Sociology - Discuss the argument that the family is in decline - Essay Exampleschool of thought contests this view and a third argument states that nothing has changed and that the family building block remains largely unchanged (Gillies, 2003). This paper explores the argument that the family is in decline. Firstly, a definition of family will be provided. Secondly, three theoretical perspectives will be presented in regards to the family being in decline. Fin altogethery, a conclusion will synthesize the main points raised in this paper, and provide recommendations for future research.Defining what a family is is a highly contentious issue. In 1949 George Murdock defined a family as a group of people that includes two of both sexes, at least tow of who have a legally sanctioned relationship, and one or more children. This view was upheld by functionalist theorists such as Parsons and Goode (Parsons & Bales 1955, Goode 1963 cited in Levy, Widmer, & Kellerhals, 2002). However, over time the variety of families in industrialised societies has increased dramatically, hence its definition has been modified. Macionis and Plummer (2002) define a family as a fond institution that can be found to exist in all societies. The function of the institution being to unite people into a cooperative group, to enable survival and raising of children, socialization of children and a regulation of the sexual occupation of the people within the group. The family unit being a social group of two or more people who may be related done blood or marriage, or through adoption or by virtue of cohabitation or family by choice, and so share in the economic and social responsibilities (Macionis & Plummer, 2002).In 21st globalised society numerous forms of family structure exist the nuclear family remains, with two parents and children, although the term has been extended to include same sex couples who may not be married the reconstituted family that combines two one-parent families single-parent families and the extended family which may be vertical in that

Comprehensive Examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comprehensive Examination - Essay ExamplePeople used to have very less hearty for entertainment and state found or referred there life as boring due to less activities and social life, that part of time was when there was no social soft w ars or very less soft wares with very limited options in it interchangeable MSN and Yahoo messenger which allowed its users to interact with different people by finding there email identities and adding them in their messenger software to interact or share different utilities, but this was limited only from champion to bingle user until soft wares like Face book came into being.Face book is advertised as an online directory that connects people through social networks at schools, collages, universities and region. Started in 2004 by students of Harvard University. About 85% of students in supported colleges have a profile up on FaceBook.75% of students sign in at least at one time every 24 hours. 9th most visited site on the internet. 250 mill ion hits every day. It is a type of social software which fosters its users to interact with each other with the help of different built in applications with help of which its users can connect directly to each other when they are online or leave important and cute messages when they are not online. Face book charge comprises of an option in which people can make different social and educational groups and communities, people can stick these groups and can interact with different people in the group to gain ideas, or can share their own opinion, this software also contain options like video sharing, music sharing, photo sharing and online gaming for all age groups so people and users of Facebook around the globe can keep them selves busy and entertained. Facebook even gives an option in the face of market place application where buyers and sellers can advertise there goods and services for free. Facebook allows its users to make a photo profile for them selves in which they can e nter information about themselves for others to view and one might be lucky to be selected for a job or as a life partner. Facebook even acts as matrimonial software which helps its user to find a perfect soul mate for him or her self. Facebook is like an internet chime in but the difference is that almost every thing is without any cost. One of the greatest benefits of using face book is that it doesnt allow explicit stuff at a wide range and who so ever exploits the condition is banned and it also gives privacy to its user which is very well protected. My experience on Facebook tells that it is one of the best social software ever made and it has been able to destroy the market of all its competitors like Hi5, Orkut etc, as it provides the most options a user would inadequacy in a social software.Conclusion Social software as we all direct know is a way of communication, interaction, sharing and learning, it has changed and is affecting the conventional ways of teaching, learn ing and communicating. In olden days students had to contact there friends for any information they required which was costly and time consuming but now blogs a type of social software allows students from around the globe to post there data and information they have on any subject so other students can use that

Major Greek philosophers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Major Greek philosophers - Essay Examplelength response to appropriately expound upon however, for purposes of this brief gesture and answer essay, the enumerated philosophers will be limited to the three most influential classical Greek philosophers Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates.Platos Republic deals specifically with the definition and discussions relating to the idea of justice. Although much(prenominal) a topic may seem rather narrow, Plato seeks to discuss each and every aspect of morality and justice as it applies to the individual as come up as within the apparatus of the city/state in question. Similarly, Platos work Apology is Platos own version of the speech that was habituated by his idol and mentor Socrates with relation to the charges brought before him with regards to corrupting the youth. In this way, the work itself can be seen as an autobiographical analysis and retelling of the way that Socrates seek to defend himself through the rhetoric of his words and the speech he gave before the rulers of the city. Ultimately, the charges that Socrates faced dealt with casting doubt into the minds of the young with regards to the gods that the individuals within the culture so fervidly believed in.Building upon Platos earlier work with regards to the Republic, Aristotle, his student, wrote a work entitled Politics which called into question the way in which political philosophy and ethics were two inseparable terms that must be understood jointly in order to draw inference onto the way in which Greek order ultimately worked. As the title implies, the root Greek word of Polis is used as a means of giving the title of the work the underlying convey of things ultimately related to the city.The similarities are of course the importance that key attributes of goodness and virtue play in whether or not a given system will itself be functional and ethical. However, going beyond merely answering this question, Aristotles work sought to detail the

United States support for European Integration Term Paper

United States support for European Integration - Term Paper ExampleWhile the European integration unfolded during the Cold War, the United States expressed and entered its support for a to a greater extent get together Europe. Much issue was attributed to such(prenominal) support, primarily because of the fact that a united Europe might eventually create a potential diplomatic and strategic rival to the United States. However, others are quick to point out that such support was extended because the United States has always been supportive of European success. Various theories have been suggested explaining the US support for European integration. This paper shall discuss two of these theories, and it go out substantiate how these theories would explain this series of choices, and how the two theories would tend to agree and disagree with one another on this question. This essay would also evaluate how, based on these explanations, and what would be expected for the future of US-EU relations. It shall also consider which explanation and which theorys predictions would I find more compelling, and why. Body The United States supported the European integration because it believed that a united Europe would be within the purview of the United States and its national security (Ekovich, 2009). They believed that an integrated Europe would further support the roles democratic goals. ... These two countries have had stormy relations with each other for a long while, further exacerbated during the Second World War. Americans saw European integration as a means of forging renewed relations between these two countries. The Americans also believed that the integration would provide a venue for more American businesses in Europe, thereby also helping to manage decision-making processes (Morgan, 2005). The integration has made negotiations easier, with one individual speaking for several countries in order to establish significant decisions. In effect, separate and multip le negotiations were negated in the long run. American also believed that a stronger European integration and economy was in the best enkindle of the US and Europe (Morgan, 2005). The integration simplifies business transactions, making Europe a more favorable recipient of American investments. Emotional affinity can be significant in managing views on political actors and objects, especially when other cognitive standards of reference do not sufficiently apply (Chong, 2000). Possible aversion toward the European integration is not based on cost/benefit evaluations or cognitive mobilization however it is based on the fear of other cultures (McLaren, 2002, p. 553). The mental hospital of such approach or decision is even more persuasive due to the fact that the European Union is not just an international administration which is meant to decrease barriers to trade, or decrease the costs of transaction in intergovernmental bargaining. In fact, the EU is shaping up as its own policy- maker, and seems to pose a curse to the national integrity and sovereignty of the region (McLaren, 2002). America does not support such possibility, however it does favor the

Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Cold War - Essay ExampleThe USSR needs to take a firm stand on the Afghan war. If we cannot, the war may be lost, and soon it will be difficult to contain the internal masses. If the war lasts for another four years, it will easily cripple our already unconvincing economy. It will be difficult to justify to the subjective masses why we sponsored the war without the necessary capacity to sustain and win it within acceptable meter frames. Winning in the nearest future (perhaps one or two years) means that the USSR has to commit more resources to the war, on such a large case as to beat President Reagans enormous funding. While such a move is relatively highly risky and a huge gamble, its triumph will be the ultimate prize.One serious and immediate concern for your leadership is the growing influence of the US in Western Europe. We understand that the coupled Kingdom and France are jointly building aerial interception centers and equipment for launching long-range missiles. In fac t, our intelligence has gone beyond this public faade and exposed the really reason why the centers are being built. These are centers for launching both ground and aerial attacks on the USSR and conduct aerial surveillance in the country. Without the manageable option to bomb these centers down, for the obvious reason we feel we may not amicably bear the escalated consequences of such a move, it is important to set up a counter-station in Eastern Europe for our own protection.Recently, the US has shown greater willingness to engage us in a nuclear war.

Solar power and alternative energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Solar power and alternative energy - Essay ensampleing of solar energy through concentrated solar power and photovoltaics has been instrumental in producing relatively reliable energy, while maintaining environmental safety.The use of solar panels at some point was tipped to be a next-generation project but the successes so far have been minimal. One major incidentor that has contributed to this situation is the fact that the installation cost of the solar panels has been expensive most especially for the majority of the average citizens. Secondly, the available installations have not lived to their billings as they have not been able enough. However, solar energy nominate be made much sufficient but with high costs (Longman et al. 107).Comparatively, other sources of energy are cheap and more efficient than solar energy. This is possibly the reason why so many citizens shy away from incurring the exorbitant expenses of installing solar panels. Besides, its reliability can be s everely tested as it depends a lot on the sunshine, which is often never present during winters and other extreme weather conditions (Mathew 141). Despite the bottlenecks, solar energy is environment friendly and can be enhanced through improved initiatives. Citizens should be empowered through campaigns and provisions of incentives. The negatives do not technically outweigh the advantages except for the fact that public perception has been severely deformed by the cost of installation. Besides, the government has done significantly little to make the use of solar energy more profound. There is no need for other sources of energy of solar energy can be maximally utilized (Buie, 570).Longman, Ryan J., doubting Thomas W. Giambelluca, and Michael A. Nullet. Use of a clear-day solar radiation model to homogenize solar radiation measurements in Hawaii. Solar Energy 91 (2013) 102-110. Print.Wald, M.L. Energy, the Environment and the Bottom root Using Solar Power to Extract Oil. 2011. Ret rieved February 24, 2014, web

Stock Valuation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Stock Valuation - Essay ExampleCommon stockholders are entitled to voting where shareholders answer together and are recipients of dividends while a preferred stock is a bond at the same time, that is, it is a cross between a public stock and a bond (Damodaran, 2007). Some of its characteristics include scripted return, lack of maturity in most cases, ability to recover as a suppurate bond and conversion to a common stock.In case of company bankruptcy, preferred stock holders are a priority in the payment of liquidated assets whence the common stockholders. A direct implication of this is that the former mentioned stock preference is high regarding liquidation and some of its dividends are preferred. There are instances where dissolving a company results to no payments to the common stockholder. Therefore holding the same value for stock by investors goes against the principles of the two kinds of stocks in discussion. An imbalance of the stock market is then inevitable in the l ong

The Positive and Negative Effects of Confucianism in East Asian Essay

The Positive and Negative Effects of Confucianism in easterly Asiatic Cultures - Essay ExampleThe researcher of this essay aims to leave special attention to the three main elements of ethics form the core of Confucianism. These elements are Ren an obligation of altruismand humaneness for other individuals within a community, you the obligation to do good and li a system that defines how a person should act within a community. There are just the 3 primary components of the Confucianism philosophy. away from these, etiquette, loyalty, filial piety, relationships and various other elements from the structure of this system. The philosophy, politics, society and the business industry of easternmost Asiatic nations like China, Japan and Korea were all based on the concepts of Confucianism. fit in to historical facts, these countries prospered in leaps and bounds, all due to the fact that they followed the Confucian ethics in all aspects of the society. The philosophy of Confuciani sm was practiced in many cultures and countries in East Asia like China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea Vietnam and various Chinese occupied territories like Singapore. China, however, was the birthplace of Confucianism. It came into macrocosm from the sixth century to the third century B.C., an age described as The long time of Philosophers. Eventually, during 141 to 87 BC, it was declared as a state philosophy by Emperor Wu of Han. Confucianism in Japan began at a time when Confucianism was quite distinguishable from what it is today. During the long years from the fall of the Latter Han dynasty in 220 CE through the Tang (618907), the classics esteemed by Confucius remained an important part for those who exercised authority over others. The sixteenth part year of the reign of Ojin is often taken as the start of Japans experience with Confucianism, with traditional dating assigning this to 285 but around 404 being the more likely. Reportedly, in that year a Confucian scholar from the Ko rean kingdom of Paekche, Wang In (known as Wani in Japanese), arrived in Japan to tutor a son of Ojin, bringing along with him copies of the Analects and the Thousand Character Classic. And this is how Confucianism in Japan took off. During Koreas lengthy Choson dynasty (13921910) Confucian ideals were deeply valued. In the early Choson scholars trade Confucianism from China, establishing it as the governing political ideology and further developing Korean-style neo-Confucianism. Modeling neo-Confucian ideals, they transformed Choson into a thoroughly Confucian society during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is an pass judgment fact that the nations of East Asia constitute a part of the fastest growing economy in the world. In the past 30 years, 3 smalls East Asian nations South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore have exhibited phenomenal economic growth which now rivals that of Japans. These countries are now ranked as having the world most prosperous economies. The expla nation for this boom in the economic systems can be dedicated to the fact that Confucian values form an ethical thread across the East Asia nations. The philosophy of Confucianism is dictated by a harmonious collective social order. This, in turn, ensures absolute loyalty and obedience to authority from the subordinates. This is the base that enabled the East Asian nations to skyrocket their economy.

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY - Essay ExampleOf course, it is always possible that what is known can greatly knead the way something is perceived to such an extent that it becomes a misperception. Visual and auditory misperceptions have been studied widely in the literature, as they illustrate not but how something can be misperceived due to top-down factors but can shed some light on how perception relies on these factors also. A variety of a posteriori evidence will be used to evaluate the role that these top-down factors have in perception, focusing mainly on visual and auditory misperceptions. i of the most widely studied examples of the way that top-down factors have a role in misperceptions are illusions. Optical illusions are often used as fun examples of how the mind can trick us, but they also have a huge role in cognitive psychology. Illusions are good because they visualize how the mind follows authoritative rules and places certain constraints on perception, and how top-down factors cause the brain to have a bias towards perceiving certain things (Eysenck & Keane, 2005). In everyday life, these are usually correct and can help us to identify objects that have never been perceived before accurately and simply. Without these rules, there would be no perception in the sense we understand today. However, when these rules are applied in a opposite sense to that which they would usually be employed misperception or illusion results. Misperceptions can be found within all sensory systems, although visual and auditory are the most researched and understood. Sometimes, a healthy individual can briefly drop off one and only(a) object that is known for another. The research by Summerfield, Egner, Mangels & Hirsch (2006) investigates the reaction of the brain during these occasions using functional magnetic resonance imaging to understand the neuroscience behind this. The provoke part of this research is that Summerfield et al (2006) manipulated images of hous es and faces to such an extent that they could be realistically mistaken for the other. This may seem ridiculous, as houses and faces are two very different structures that could not easily be mistaken for each other in reality. This is an example of a top-down factor we think that it would be impossible to mistake a house for a face (or vice versa) because of the rules and regulations put in place in the way that objects are perceived. However, this research showed that at a certain level of degradation, this misperception can easily occur. This misperception occurs even in psychologically normal patients. Top-down factors associate some areas of the image with a house or a face and the medio-frontal and right parietal regions of the brain make assumptions based upon what is already known and help the individual perceive. Faces themselves are also victim to visual misperception. look into by Leopold, Rhodes, Muller and Jeffery (2005) has shown that top-down factors can lead to per ceived identity and expression. In this case, what is known about individuals that are familiar is applied to individuals that are not, and and so misperceptions occur. The brain here is suggesting that someone with similar visual appearance to an individual must be that individual. Again, this is an example

Positive and Negative Consequences of the Legislation that Enables Essay

Positive and Negative Consequences of the Legislation that En satisfactorys Patients to Correct the Health discipline in their Records - Essay ExampleAs the study outlines the legalisation that allows individuals to correct their EHR information has both positive and negative arguments. On the positive side, when individuals are able to correct their health records in the database, their physicians find it easy and quick to know and acquire their health progress. This is more advantageous in case the individuals get vomit up and reach levels where they cannot communicate verbally. Additionally, when individuals are able to change their health records, government will have easy time in data collection and group since about the nations health status since updated patient information will be readily available i.e. reduced delays in information retrieval. On the negative side, McGonigle and Mastrian notes that legalization of individual access to electronic health information might le ad to fraud for personal benefits. For instance, if an individual will not get a air due to their health status, they may change it electronically to get the job opportunity nevertheless. Nonetheless, the legalization inhibits the demand for health records security since patients can change their records to slip their needs.

Fast food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Fast food - Essay ExampleHe has some reasons for not accepting the food as invention. His reasons tell about its short life time of food, its temporary taste, less audience, its lack of complexity, less creativity, the profit motive of its creators, its documental to nourish people, its recurring needs etc. In contrary to this, he has illustrated some sticks in elBulli restaurant for its chances of being an art. Compare and Contrast with other associate stratagemicles There are some common features to be compared between the article of Blake Gopnik and the post in From Still Life to Real Life Food Art and Its Place in the Art World by Kate Olsen. These include the life time of food, and its simplicity. As per the television program The Rachel Ray Show done by Artist Jason Baalman, it is clear that the history and custom of food is an acceptable opinion as per the article of Blake Gopnik. I find some lack of information in the article The Big Debate Can Food Be Serious Art? by Bl ake Gopnik when compared to others. It is not mentioned about the traceability of origin of art form of food. plainly it is clearly mentioned in Still life article by Kate Olsen with some common instances around us. Also, the former lacks the information about the statues formed out of forge the food materials. But, the latter points out the same. This reminds the statues formed out of butter by Jim Victor. Most of his creativity depicts animal life. According to Blake Gopnik, the food was not at all in all critical to be an art. This proves that the raw material is also important in forming the art of food. But in Still life article, it is mentioned clearly through the experience of Janine Antoni, an artist. In the case of Janine Antoni, she stunned museum goers with her 1992 conceptual piece titled Gnaw, a 3-part installation piece consisting of both a 600lb cube of chocolate and a 600lb cube of lard that have been literally gnawed on every corner so that teeth marks are evide nt and large chunks on the corners are missing. Is it art? As Antoni explains, I titled this Gnaw because I am implicated in the bite as a kind of primal urge. I bop to look at a little baby when they put everything in their mouth in order to know it, and through that process, they destroy it. I was interested in the bite because it was both intimate and destructive (Kaufman, 2010). You can see the food arts in different forms in museums. Some of them make us feel and involve into the story or ethnicity on passing by or having it. This is explained with an example from a piece Untitled (Portrait of Ross) written by relational aesthetics artist Felix Gonzales-Torres in 1991. (Kaufman, 2010). Conclusion In my view, it is clear that the food can be considered as an art to an extent on the ground of the above mentioned articles. When you see an art work made out of food materials, it is special for your eyes as it has happened in your life time and cannot expect again in future. The food can be artistically formed by some creative artists. So it takes its forms in accordance with the thoughts and ideas of different persons. For instance, in the article What is very well Art? by artist and author Dolores G.Kaufman, she explains when we call something fine art we are signifying a context into which the object has already been placed,

Pollution Summary Essay Example for Free

Pollution Summary EssayWhat is Air Pollution? The aerate we breathe supplies the group O that sustains life. Humans train type O to survive, and plants and animals need oxygen to survive. Our diffuse supply has become contaminated by human activity. We have created machinery that has produced smog and acid rain. We have created a green house effect and have made holes in our oz ane layer. Each of these acts can cause serious health problems for humans and animals, and can cause grave slander to our vegetation and ecosystems. There are seven main types of air pollutants.Raven (2008) describes them as particulate guinea pig, nitrogen oxides, present moment oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, air toxics, and carbon oxides. particulate matter can come from dust, soil, soot, and asbestos Nitrogen oxides come from gasses that are produced by chemical substance interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. Sulfur oxides come from chemical interactions between sulfur and oxyg en. Hydrocarbons come from chemical interactions between hydrogen and carbon. Ozone comes in two forms (1) oxygens reaction with UV radiation in the stratosphere and, (2) oxygen reaction in the troposphere what creates smog.Air toxics can be radioactive substances, fluorides, and hydrochloric acid, and carbon oxides are carbon monoxide and dioxide. Causes of Air Pollution Chemicals, human sources, and natural sources contribute to air pollution. Air pollution can be traced all the way back to Ancient Roman times. Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling good chemicals that have found their way into the air. (Caroline, David, Michael, Mindy, Neil, and Vikas, 1999, The Environment A Global Challenge.Air Pollution). Air pollution occurs in the atmosphere and can move easily from one location to another, it is a global concern. Air pollution is a problem both outdoors and inside homes. Chemicals There are seven main typ es of air pollutants according to a regulatory perspective. These are particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, and air toxics. Particulate matter is made of thousands of solid and liquid particles suspension system in the atmosphere. Solid particulate matter is commonly known as dust whereas as liquid articulate matter is known as mist. Particulate matter includes the following pollutants soot, lead, asbestos, soil particles, sea salt, and sulfuric acid droplets. Nitrogen oxides are gases produced as a result of interaction between nitrogen and oxygen involves a supply of energy such as combustion of fuels resulting in luxuriously temperatures. Sulfur oxides are gases. These gases are a result of a chemical interaction between sulfur and oxygen. When combined with water, the result is sulfuric acid. Carbon oxides consist of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.Carbon monoxide has no color, smell, or taste and is second as an air polluta nt only to carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is also does not have color, smell, or taste and is a greenhouse gas. Hydrocarbons consist are a varied collection of organic compounds including hydrogen and carbon. Small hydrogen molecules are gaseous at room temperature. Hydrocarbons include methane (colorless and odorless gas principally include in natural gas), benzene (which is a liquid at room temperature), and paraffin (which is a solid at room temperature).Ozone is a form of oxygen that is a pollutant in one area of the atmosphere but essential in another area of the atmosphere. Hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) consist of hundreds of other air pollutants such as chlorine, lead, hydrochloric acid, formaldehyde, radioactive substances, and fluorides. Humans Many chemicals that cause air pollution exist naturally in our world. These chemicals are harmful in both their natural form however, become even more harmful when burned by humans for fuel, heat, or electricity.The two main causes of air pollutants in urban areas are transportation and fuel combustion from stationary sources. The stationary sources are heating and cooling for buildings and coal-burning power plants. Vehicles such as cars, trains, heavy-duty trucks, and airplanes, produce high amounts of carbon dioxide while fuel combustion produces high amounts of sulfur dioxide. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are man-made compounds that were originally developed in 1930 as a safer alternative to the refrigerants past in use such as sulfur dioxide and ammonia.

Fast food Essay Example for Free

fast-flying nutrient Essay1 Departm ent of Clinical Biochem istry , Gentofte Hospital Univ ersity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denm ark of bombil ingest an Nutrition, Centre for Adv anced Food Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences, Univ ersity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denm ark 2 Departm ent Correspondence A Astrup, Departm ent of Hum an Nutrition, RVA Univ ersity , 1 9 58 Frederiksberg C, Denm ark. Em ail ast kvl. dk Abstract.Although nutrition experts magnate be able to navigate the menus of nimble- sustenance eatery chains, and based on the nutritional information, compose app arently rose-cheeked meals, there are still many reasons wherefore frequent fast-food consumption at most chains is unhealthy and contributes to freightinessing gain, obesity, causa 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. tight food generally has a uplifted-energy density, which, together with large portion coats, induces over consumption of calories. In addition, we tolerate found it to be a myth that the typical fast-food meal is the alike intercontinental.Chemical analyses of 74 samples of fast-food menus consisting of French fries and fried chicken (nuggets/ fervent wings) bought in McDonalds and KFC outlets in 35 countries in 20052006 showed that the radical plummet content of the alike menu varies from 41 to 65 g at McDonalds and from 42 to 74 g at KFC. In addition, fast food from major chains in most countries still contains unacceptably high levels of industrially produced trans- rich acids (IP-TFA). IP-TFA capture powerful biological effects and may contribute to increased weight gain, type AB obesity, type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease.The food quality and portion size need to be improved before it is safe to eat frequently at most fast-food chains. Key words trans-fat t y acids, fast food, energy densit y Introduction In the documentary film Super Size Me, the lawsuit Mr Spurlock ate McDonalds food three times a day for 30 days and gained 11 kg . It is quite obvious that one can purposely lug on almost any diet, but the film raises the question of whether fast food poses a special health risk.To what extent this behaviour is a pictorial trait in the general population, and to what extent fast-food consumption contributes to obesity and other morbidities such as type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease, is still debatable. earlier drawing any conclusion as to whether there are causative links between intake of fast foods and disease, ideally randomised trials should be conducted to fork out square-shouldered evidence on this issue. However, it is highly unlikely that such trials comparing frequent and infrequent fast-food consumption will ever be carried out.We therefore have to rely on observational epidemiology and on mechanistic studies. www. nature. com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 1/5 1/3/14 external ledger of Obesity Fast food incompatible and unhealthy Epidemiological studies A number of observa tional studies have assessed the association between frequent fast-food intake and weight gain. The American population study Cardia suggests that frequent fastfood consumption is positively associated with weight gain and risk of insulin resistance over 15 years.Individuals who had meals at fast-food restaurants more than deuce times a week gained 4. 5 kg more weight and had a 104% greater increase in insulin resistance, at both baseline and follow-up, than individuals who ate less than one fast-food meal per week. 1 This study was the first long-term project to find that people who frequently expose themselves to fast foods are at increased risk of weight gain over time and of developing type 2 diabetes.The study had several limitations such as the population size of only 3000 individuals and the fact that self-reported information about diet, physical activity and other lifestyle factors has inherent measurement errors. These factors, however, would normally tend to underestimate the strength of the determine associations. Other observational studies have to some extent supported the existence of a causal link. However, observational studies can non prove that the association between fast-food consumption and weight gain is causal.It remains possible that frequent fast-food consumption is simply a marker for a generally unhealthy lifestyle (e. g. , less restrained eating behaviour, fatty and sweet food preferences, and a sedentary lifestyle), factors which are the real culprits in weight gain and in the increased risk of diabetes. Although every trial is made to adjust for potential confounders, one cannot adjust for unmeasured or unmeasurable lifestyle factors. Mechanisms by which fast food can be obesogenic plenty size.Despite the above-mentioned limitations in epidemiological observational studies, most of us would accept that the link between intake of fast foods and weight gain is causal because there are several mechanisms whereby fast foods could produce weight gain. At least deuce important features of fast food could explain why fast food is fattening, namely, large portion sizes and high-energy density. It is well established that the bigger the portion size, the more we consume. 2 Portion sizes of burgers, fried potatoes, pizzas, and soft drinks at fast-food outlets have all increased 25-fold over the last 50 years.3 Energy density In addition to large portion sizes, fast food is also characterised by high-energy density, that is high energy-content/food-weight ratio. The energy density of the entire menu at fast-food outlets is typically 1100 kJ/100 g. 4 This is 65% higher than the sightly British diet ( 670 kJ/100 g) and more than twice the energy density of recommended healthy diets ( 525 kJ/100 g). Humans have only a weak unconditioned ability to recognise foods with high-energy density and to downregulate the bulk eaten to meet energy requirements appropriately. 4 Industrially produced trans fat.French fries and fried meat from fast-food outlets contain high amounts of industrially produced trans-fatty acids. Trans fats are fats in margarines, spreads, and frying oils, produced by industrial hardening of vegetable or marine oils, to make the product more stable and full-bodied for handling and storage. The hardening results in the creation of a so-called trans double bonds in the fatty acids of the lipids, in contrast to the normally occurring cis double bonds. This increases the melting points of the fats, thereby increasing shelf-life.Trans-fatty www. nature.com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 2/5 1/3/14 International Journal of Obesity Fast food unfriendly and unhealthy acids are also found naturally in meat from ruminants and in dairy products, but not nearly to the same extent as in industrially produced trans fat (up to 5%, as compared to up to 60% in fats), and not of the same types as in IP-TFA. In a worldwide study of the content of IP-TFA in fast foods, biscuits, and snac ks, we found contents of IP-TFA ranging up to 50% of the fat in the products, enabling consumers to ingest 36 g of IP-TFA in a single meal in the US.5 A daily intake of 5 g trans fat, corresponding to 2 energy percent, is associated with an approximately 30% increase in CHD risk. 6 Observational studies have found that a high intake of IP-TFA is stronger associated to the risk of weight gain and gain in abdominal fatness than to the intake of other fat sources. 7 Although unaccounted residual confounding cannot be ruled out, other sources of research support that the relationship is causal. First, IP-TFA serves as ligands for the PPAR- clay and can exert a biological effect that promotes abdominal obesity.6 Second, a recently reported long-term randomised trial in monkeys delivers robust evidence that IP-TFA induces weight gain and abdominal obesity. Kavanagh et al. 8 reported their findings at the 66th ADA meeting in Washington, D. C. For over 6 years monkeys were fed two differen t isocaloric, western-style diets that contained either 8% of their calories from trans fat or the same amount of fat calories as cis-monounsaturated fat. After 6 years, the IP-TFA fed monkeys had gained 7. 2% in organic structure weight, compared to a 1. 8% increase in body weight in monkeys fed with cis-monounsaturated fats.CT scans showed that the monkeys on the trans-fat diet had deposited 30% more abdominal fat than the monkeys on the cismonounsaturated fat diet. Taken together these studies suggest that IP-TFA is obesity promoting, and that they particularly facilitate the deposition of the harmful abdominal fat associated with CHD. These findings can contribute to explaining why high intakes of IP-TFA may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. 9 Fat content in fast-food menus To select more healthy choices at the fast-food restaurants, nutritional labelling must be both available and accurate.While most chains provide nutritional information about total calories, calories fro m macronutrients, and fibre content of their products, we do not think that the average consumer who eats at a fast-food chain has the time or ability to make a reasonable estimate of health consequences of such meals or their contribution to the days caloric intake. The results of our analyses of total fat and trans fat in 74 French fries and fried chicken (nuggets/hot wings) samples bought in McDonalds and KFC outlets in 35 countries during 20052006 are given in Figure 1.The figures represent the total fat and trans fat content in 160 g of chicken meat and 171 g of French fries, corresponding to a large serving at an American McDonalds outlet. In these meals the total fat content varies from 41 to 65 g at McDonalds and from 42 to 74 g at KFC the trans fat content varies from 0. 3 to 10. 2 and 0. 3 to 24 g, respectively. The differences in total fat content can at least in part be due to local taste preferences, but this is not the case for trans fat, which does not add a special flavour to the food.The results show that the same product, by the same provider, can vary in fat calorie content by more than 40%, and in trans fat content by several orders of magnitude. This demonstrates that the same product, unknown to the consumer, can vary substantially in its compliance with recommendations for healthy food. Figure 1. The entire length of the bar (both colours included) indicates the am ounts of total fat in a large fast-food m eal consisting of 1 7 1 g French fries and 1 6 0 g chicken nuggets.The darker colour indicates the am ounts of industrially produced trans fat. The v alues in parenthesis are the am ounts of trans fat as a percentage of total fat. www. nature. com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 3/5 1/3/14 International Journal of Obesity Fast food unfriendly and unhealthy Full figure and legend (305K) Conclusions Fast-food restaurant chains may argue that the evidence linking their products to the supersizing of their customers is too weak. But should not the customer be given the benefit of the doubt?Appropriate actions would include reducing portions to normal sizes, eliminating industrially produced trans fat, and selling burgers of lean meat, square grain bread/buns, fatreduced mayonnaise, more vegetables, lower-fat fried potatoes, reduced-sugar soft drinks, etc. Moreover, reliable nutritional information should be given by the chains, which requires better standardisation of the foods used. 10 Although these measures may raise prices, such changes in fast-food meals would have no adverse health effects but quite the opposite References 1. Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Jacobs Jr DR et al.Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study) 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet 2005 365 3642. Article PubMed ISI 2. Diliberti N, Bordi PL, Conklin MT, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Increased portion size leads to increased energy intake in a restaurant meal. Obes Res 2004 1 2 562 568. PubMed 3. Young LR, Nestle M. Expanding portion sizes in the US marketplace implications for nutrition counseling. J Am Diet Assoc 2003 103 231234. Article PubMed ISI 4. Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Fast foods, energy density and obesity a possible mechanistic link.Obes Rev 2003 4 187194. Article PubMed ChemPort 5. Stender S, Dyerberg J, Bysted A, Leth T, Astrup A. A trans world journey. Atheroscl Suppl 2006 7 4752. Article 6. Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2006 354 1601 1613. Article PubMed ChemPort 7. Koh-Banerjee P, Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Rosner B, Colditz G, Willett W et al. Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16 587 US men.Am J Clin Nutr 2003 78 719727. PubMed ISI ChemPort 8. Kavanagh K, Jones K, Sawyer J, Kelly K, Wagner JD, Rudel LL. Trans f at diet induces insulin resistance in monkeys. Diabetes Care 2006. Proceedings of 66th scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association Abstract 328-OR. www. nature. com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 4/5 1/3/14 International Journal of Obesity Fast food unfriendly and unhealthy 9. Salmeron J, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB et al. Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women.Am J Clin Nutr 2001 73 1019 1026. PubMed ChemPort 10. Astrup A. Super-sized and diabetic by frequent fast-food consumption? Lancet 2005 365 45. Article PubMed Acknowledgements SS and JD declare no difference of interest. AA is medical advisor for Weight Watchers, and is member of several advisory boards for food producers. The Department of Human Nutrition receives/has received research funding from over 50 Danish and international food companies. Otherwise, I declare no conflict of interest. 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